973 16-bit calculator

973 : 16-bit calculator

Design render
  • Author: Benedikt Muehlbachler
  • Description: calculator using 16-bit ALU with 8-bit IO-data port reading/writing data
  • GitHub repository
  • Clock: 0 Hz

How it works

The 16-bit calculator looks in a simplified symbolic schematic as follows: schaltbild

You have an IO-Port (8-bit) to load data to registers for the operands A and B for the calculation operation as well as to output the result of the alu operation. The IN[3:0] are used for the alu operation selection (there are 12 different operations possible). The CLK is the clock and RST_N is the reset pin. There are also OUT[4:0] which shows the status of the alu operation as well as the OUT[7:5] to see at which step the whole operation is.

To better clarify how it works, there is a timing diagram: timing

  • As long as the RST_N pin is low, the counter is reset and nothing happens.
  • If RST_N is HIGH then the operation starts.
  • At a negative CLK edge the counter increments and gets 1. At the following positive CLK edge whatever is on the IO-Port gets loaded into the low-byte of operand A (at the next negative CLK edge the counter increments.
  • At Counter=2 and POS EDGE CLK: IO-Port data gets loaded into High-Byte of A.
  • At Counter=3 and POS EDGE CLK: IO-Port data gets loaded into Low-Byte of B.
  • At Counter=4 and POS EDGE CLK: IO-Port data gets loaded into High-Byte of B. Additionally, the ALU Operation gets selected.
  • At Counter=5 and POS EDGE CLK: The result of the ALU operation is on the IO-Port (Low-Byte of result), and the Status of the ALU-Operation is updated at the Status output.
  • At Counter=6 and POS EDGE CLK: The high-Byte of the ALU operation is on the IO-Port.
  • At the following NEG EDGE CLK, the Counter will restart from zero (the same happens if RST_N gets low during the operation.

The following alu operations are possible:

ALU Op Select Operation Name of Operation
0 R=0 Null Operation
1 R=~A Inverse of A
2 R=A<<1 Shift left A
3 R=A>>1 Shift right A
4 R=rot_l(A) Rotate left A
5 R=rot_r(A) Rotate right A
6 R=A+1 Increment A
7 R=A-1 Decrement A
8 R=A and B Bitwise A and B
9 R=A or B Bitwise A or B
10 R=A xor B Bitwise A xor B
11 R=A+B Addition of A and B
12 R=A-B Subtraction of A and B

The status out register is as follows:

Status Register Flag Description
Bit 0 Wrong Operation Flag (WF) Set when ALU Op Select is 13,14 or 15 (there is no operation).
Bit 1 Zero Flag (ZF) Set when result is zero.
Bit 2 Sign Flag (SF) Set when the highest bit (bit 15) is 1.
Bit 3 Carry Flag (CF) Set for unsigned notation when there is a carry.
Bit 4 Overflow Flag (OF) Set for signed notation when there is an overflow.

How to test

External hardware

You do not need any special external hardware.

IO

#InputOutputBidirectional
0alu operation select bit 0status bit 0 (wrong operation flag)data port bit 0
1alu operation select bit 1status bit 1 (zero flag)data port bit 1
2alu operation select bit 2status bit 2 (sign flag)data port bit 2
3alu operation select bit 3status bit 3 (carry flag)data port bit 3
4status bit 4 (overflow flag)data port bit 4
5counter bit 0data port bit 5
6counter bit 1data port bit 6
7counter bit 2data port bit 7

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